⇦ Back to Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition Home
¶ Triticale (Triticale hexaploide)
| Table No: | Growth stage: | Plant part: |
| Table A | Emergence to tillering (Feekes 1 to 4) | Whole plant |
| Table B | Stem extension, jointing (Feekes 5 to 7) | Whole tillers |
| Table C | Pre-boot (Feekes stage 8 to 9) | Whole stems |
| Table D | Boot to head emergence (Feekes stage 10 to 10.1) | Whole stems |
| Table E | Flowering (Feekes stage 10.5.1 to 10.5.4) | Whole stems |
¶ A: Emergence to tillering (Feekes 1 to 4)
Plant Part: Whole plant
Sampling Procedure: Collect 30 to 40 tillers, cutting off about ½ inch above ground level. At least a pint of loosely packed tissue (a ball about 4 to 5 inches in diameter) should be submitted for analysis. Place sample in a paper bag, not a plastic bag, for shipment to the laboratory.
| Analysis | Tissue Concentration Guidelines | ||||||||
| Marginal Range | Sufficiency Range | Excessive, toxic | |||||||
| Nitrogen, % N | 3.00 | - | 3.40 | 3.40 | - | 4.50 | |||
| Phosphorus, %P | 0.35 | - | 0.40 | 0.40 | - | 0.65 | |||
| Potassium, % K | 3.00 | - | 3.50 | 3.50 | - | 4.50 | |||
| Calcium, % Ca | 0.15 | - | 0.20 | 0.20 | - | 0.70 | |||
| Magnesium, % Mg | 0.10 | - | 0.15 | 0.15 | - | 0.50 | |||
| Sulfur, % S | 0.20 | - | 0.30 | 0.30 | - | 0.60 | |||
| Zinc, ppm Zn | 15 | - | 20 | 20 | - | 70 | |||
| Iron, ppm Fe | 20 | - | 25 | 25 | - | 250 | 500 | ||
| Manganese, ppm Mn | 10 | - | 20 | 20 | - | 100 | 250 | ||
| Copper ppm Cu | 2 | - | 5 | 5 | - | 15 | |||
| Boron, ppm B | 2 | - | 5 | 5 | - | 20 | |||
| Nitrogen-to-sulfur ratio (N:S) | 15 | - | 20 | 10 | - | 15 | |||
| Aluminum, ppm Al | >200 | ||||||||
| Chloride, % Cl | 0.30 | - | 1.00 | ||||||
¶ Figure A. Growth Stage: Feekes 2 - tillering begins
¶ Feekes growth stage:
- 1 - One shoot (number of leaves can be added) = "brairding"
- 2 - Beginning of tillering
- 3 - Tillers formed, leaves often twisted spirally. In some varieties of winter wheats, plants may be "creeping" or prostrate
- 4 - Beginning of the erection of the pseudo-stem, leaf sheaths beginning to lengthen
(Zadoks scale: 10 - 30)
¶ B: Stem extension, jointing (Feekes 5 to 7)
Plant Part: Whole tillers
Sampling Procedure: Collect 30 to 40 tillers, cutting off about ½ inch above ground level. At least a pint of loosely packed tissue (a ball about 4 to 5 inches in diameter) should be submitted for analysis. Place sample in a paper bag, not a plastic bag, for shipment to the laboratory.
| Analysis | Tissue Concentration Guidelines | ||||||||
| Marginal Range | Sufficiency Range | Excessive, toxic | |||||||
| Nitrogen, % N | 2.70 | - | 3.00 | 3.00 | - | 4.00 | |||
| Phosphorus, %P | 0.30 | - | 0.35 | 0.35 | - | 0.60 | |||
| Potassium, % K | 2.00 | - | 2.50 | 2.50 | - | 3.50 | |||
| Calcium, % Ca | 0.15 | - | 0.20 | 0.20 | - | 0.70 | |||
| Magnesium, % Mg | 0.10 | - | 0.15 | 0.15 | - | 0.50 | |||
| Sulfur, % S | 0.20 | - | 0.30 | 0.30 | - | 0.60 | |||
| Zinc, ppm Zn | 15 | - | 20 | 20 | - | 70 | |||
| Iron, ppm Fe | 20 | - | 25 | 25 | - | 250 | 500 | ||
| Manganese, ppm Mn | 10 | - | 20 | 20 | - | 100 | 250 | ||
| Copper ppm Cu | 2 | - | 5 | 5 | - | 15 | |||
| Boron, ppm B | 2 | - | 5 | 5 | - | 20 | |||
| Nitrogen-to-sulfur ratio (N:S) | 15 | - | 20 | 10 | - | 15 | |||
| Aluminum, ppm Al | >200 | ||||||||
| Chloride, % Cl | 0.30 | - | 1.00 | ||||||
¶ Figure B. Growth Stage: Feekes 6 - jointing
¶ Feekes growth stage:
- 5 - Pseudo-stem (formed by sheaths of leaves) strongly erected
- 6 - First node of stem visible at base of shoot
- 7 - Second node of stem formed, next-to-last leaf just visible
(Zadoks scale: 30 - 32)
¶ C: Pre-boot (Feekes stage 8 to 9)
Plant Part: Whole stems
Sampling Procedure: Collect 25 to 30 whole stems (tillers), cutting off about ½ inch above ground level. At least a pint of loosely packed tissue should be submitted for analysis. Place sample in a paper bag, not a plastic bag, for shipment to the laboratory.
| Analysis | Tissue Concentration Guidelines | ||||||||
| Marginal Range | Sufficiency Range | Excessive, toxic | |||||||
| Nitrogen, % N | 2.10 | - | 2.50 | 2.50 | - | 3.50 | |||
| Phosphorus, %P | 0.20 | - | 0.30 | 0.30 | - | 0.50 | |||
| Potassium, % K | 1.60 | - | 2.00 | 2.00 | - | 3.00 | |||
| Calcium, % Ca | 0.15 | - | 0.20 | 0.20 | - | 0.70 | |||
| Magnesium, % Mg | 0.10 | - | 0.15 | 0.15 | - | 0.50 | |||
| Sulfur, % S | 0.15 | - | 0.20 | 0.20 | - | 0.50 | |||
| Zinc, ppm Zn | 10 | - | 15 | 15 | - | 70 | |||
| Iron, ppm Fe | 20 | - | 25 | 25 | - | 250 | 500 | ||
| Manganese, ppm Mn | 5 | - | 20 | 20 | - | 100 | 250 | ||
| Copper ppm Cu | 2 | - | 5 | 5 | - | 15 | |||
| Boron, ppm B | 2 | - | 5 | 5 | - | 20 | |||
| Nitrogen-to-sulfur ratio (N:S) | 15 | - | 20 | 10 | - | 15 | |||
| Aluminum, ppm Al | >200 | ||||||||
| Chloride, % Cl | 0.30 | - | 1.00 | ||||||
¶ Figure C. Growth Stage: Feekes 8
¶ Feekes growth stage:
- 8 - Last leaf visible, but still rolled up, ear beginning to swell
- 9 - Ligule of last leaf just visible
(Zadoks scale: 37 - 39)
¶ D: Boot to head emergence (Feekes stage 10 to 10.1)
Plant Part: Whole stems
Sampling Procedure: Collect 25 to 30 whole stems (tillers), cutting off about ½ inch above ground level. At least a pint of loosely packed tissue should be submitted for analysis. Place sample in a paper bag, not a plastic bag, for shipment to the laboratory.
| Analysis | Tissue Concentration Guidelines | ||||||||
| Marginal Range | Sufficiency Range | Excessive, toxic | |||||||
| Nitrogen, % N | 1.80 | - | 2.30 | 2.30 | - | 2.80 | |||
| Phosphorus, %P | 0.15 | - | 0.20 | 0.20 | - | 0.40 | |||
| Potassium, % K | 1.20 | - | 1.50 | 1.50 | - | 3.00 | |||
| Calcium, % Ca | 0.15 | - | 0.20 | 0.20 | - | 0.70 | |||
| Magnesium, % Mg | 0.10 | - | 0.15 | 0.15 | - | 0.50 | |||
| Sulfur, % S | 0.10 | - | 0.15 | 0.15 | - | 0.40 | |||
| Zinc, ppm Zn | 10 | - | 15 | 15 | - | 70 | |||
| Iron, ppm Fe | 20 | - | 25 | 25 | - | 250 | 500 | ||
| Manganese, ppm Mn | 5 | - | 20 | 20 | - | 100 | 250 | ||
| Copper ppm Cu | 2 | - | 5 | 5 | - | 15 | |||
| Boron, ppm B | 2 | - | 5 | 5 | - | 20 | |||
| Nitrogen-to-sulfur ratio (N:S) | 15 | - | 20 | 10 | - | 15 | |||
| Aluminum, ppm Al | >200 | ||||||||
| Chloride, % Cl | 0.30 | - | 1.00 | ||||||
¶ Figure D. Growth Stage: Feekes 10 & 10.1 - boot & head emergence
¶ Feekes growth stage:
- 10 - Boot stage; sheath of last leaf completely grown out, head swollen but not yet visible
- 10.1 - Awns visible, heads emerging through slit of flag leaf sheath
- 10.2 - Heading 1/4th complete
- 10.3 - Heading 1/2 complete
- 10.4 - Heading 3/4ths complete
- 10.5 - Heading complete
(Zadoks scale: 45 - 59)
¶ E: Flowering (Feekes stage 10.5.1 to 10.5.4)
Plant Part: Whole plant
Sampling Procedure: Collect 25 to 30 whole stems (tillers), cutting off about ½ inch above ground level. At least a pint of loosely packed tissue should be submitted for analysis. Place sample in a paper bag, not a plastic bag, for shipment to the laboratory.
| Analysis | Tissue Concentration Guidelines | ||||||||
| Marginal Range | Sufficiency Range | Excessive, toxic | |||||||
| Nitrogen, % N | 1.50 | - | 1.90 | 1.90 | - | 2.40 | |||
| Phosphorus, %P | 0.15 | - | 0.20 | 0.20 | - | 0.40 | |||
| Potassium, % K | 1.20 | - | 1.50 | 1.50 | - | 3.00 | |||
| Calcium, % Ca | 0.15 | - | 0.20 | 0.20 | - | 0.70 | |||
| Magnesium, % Mg | 0.10 | - | 0.15 | 0.15 | - | 0.50 | |||
| Sulfur, % S | 0.10 | - | 0.15 | 0.15 | - | 0.40 | |||
| Zinc, ppm Zn | 10 | - | 15 | 15 | - | 70 | |||
| Iron, ppm Fe | 20 | - | 25 | 25 | - | 250 | 500 | ||
| Manganese, ppm Mn | 5 | - | 20 | 20 | - | 100 | 250 | ||
| Copper ppm Cu | 2 | - | 5 | 5 | - | 15 | |||
| Boron, ppm B | 2 | - | 5 | 5 | - | 20 | |||
| Nitrogen-to-sulfur ratio (N:S) | 15 | - | 20 | 10 | - | 15 | |||
| Aluminum, ppm Al | >200 | ||||||||
| Chloride, % Cl | 0.30 | - | 1.00 | ||||||
¶ Figure E. Growth Stage: Feekes 10.5.1 - beginning to flower
¶ Feekes growth stage:
- 10.5 - Heading complete
- 10.5.1 - Beginning of flowering
- 10.5.2 - Flowering complete to top of spike
- 10.5.3 - Flowering complete to base of spike
- 10.5.4 - Flowering complete, kernels watery ripe
- 11.1 - Kernels milky ripe
- 11.2 - Soft dough stage, "mealy" ripe, kernel contents soft but dry
- 11.3 - Kernels hard, difficult to split with thumb-nail
- 11.4 - Kernels hard, cannot be dented with thumb-nail, ripe for harvest, straw dead
(Zadoks scale: 59 - 92)